RESEARCH ARTICLE


https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10032-1164
Journal of South Asian Federation of Menopause Societies
Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Year 2019

Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness Regarding the Postmenopausal Syndrome in Women Aged above 30 Years in Quetta, Pakistan


Aqeel Nasim1, Noman U Haq2, Sohail Riaz3, Gul Khanda4, Muhammad S Zarak5, Maria Tahir6, Muhammad Saood7, Yasmin Shah8

1,2,4,7,8Department of Pharmacy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
3Department of Pharmacy, Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
5Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
6Department of Pharmacy, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women’s University, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan

Corresponding Author: Aqeel Nasim, Department of Pharmacy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan, Phone: +92 3337879598, e-mail: aqeel_nasim@yahoo.com

How to cite this article Nasim A, Haq NU, Riaz S, et al. Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness Regarding the Postmenopausal Syndrome in Women Aged above 30 Years in Quetta, Pakistan. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2019;7(1):24–28.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Background: More awareness regarding the postmenopausal syndrome (PMS) is needed for women to leading a quality life. Postmenopausal symptoms adversely affect the life expectancy and quality of life (QoL) of women. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and awareness regarding the postmenopausal syndrome among women above 30 years in Quetta, Pakistan. This study was to assess the amount of knowledge women have about postmenopause, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, interview-based survey was conducted from January to September 2016. An estimated 447 women (aged above 30 years) were selected. Their knowledge about the postmenopausal syndrome was assessed by a structured questionnaire. A convenient sampling technique was used to collect data.

Results: A total of 550 questionnaires were distributed, of which 447 were returned (response rate: 81%). The mean age of the respondents was 38.06 ± 6.194 years. The mean of the total knowledge score was 12.77 ± 3.910. Totally, 53.0% had adequate knowledge regarding the postmenopausal syndrome and 47.0% had a poor knowledge regarding the postmenopausal syndrome.A total of 73.5% of the respondents were aware of the age of menopause. Majority of the respondents know the causes of the postmenopausal syndrome. An estimated 45.3% knew that it can be diagnosed by a blood test. A total of 43.8% did not know about the hormone replacement therapy used for the treatment of the postmenopausal syndrome.

Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge among Quetta women regarding the postmenopausal syndrome, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. This study found that the knowledge among women regarding the postmenopausal syndrome is important for improving their QoL and for managing the symptoms of the postmenopausal syndrome. The study participants showed an adequate level of knowledge about the postmenopausal syndrome; however, there were areas of knowledge that need improvement by health education. Healthcare professionals should give all the necessary information to women about the postmenopausal syndrome. The ratio of poor knowledge can be improved by raising the awareness and increasing the education level of women.

Keywords: Awareness, Knowledge, Postmenopausal syndrome, Symptoms.

INTRODUCTION

Menopause is the end of the menstrual cycle, which leads to stopping the ovarian function and marks an end of the female reproductive cycle.1 With increasing global residents in the approaching years, it is assessed that 1.2 billion women globally will be menopausal or postmenopausal by the year 2030. Most common symptoms of menopause are vasomotor symptoms, sleep disturbances, and vaginal dryness. It is roughly calculated that 85% of women with the postmenopause have knowledge on a menopause-related symptom in their lifetime. The prevalence of VMS alone is found in around 40–50 million women in the United States.2

In a study, the prevalence of sleep-related symptoms in 780 postmenopausal women was 40.1%. Another study conducted in Latin America found that the incidence of symptoms related to sleep was 68.4% and that another study conducted in Malaysia showed that the incidence of sleep-related symptoms was 64.35%.3 In a study conducted in Australia, the prevalence of symptoms related to sleep was 33.7%. In a study conducted in Chandigarh, India, symptoms related to sleep were reported in 36.8% of women. In another study conducted in Punjab, India, the incidence of sleep disorders was reported to be 53.12%. In a study conducted in Chandigarh, India, the incidence of sleep disorders was recorded as 18.8%.3

In England, the normal age of the postmenopausal syndrome is 52 years (National Health Service), while in the United States it is 51 years (National Institute of Aging). Approximately one in five women in India has had menopause before the age of 41 years.4

But there is no way to estimate when a woman will have menopause or begin to have symptoms. The age at which a woman begins menstruation is not related to the onset of menopause.5 Most women have menopause between the ages of 45 and 55, but menopause can occur as early as 30 or 40 years, or it may not occur until a woman turns 60.5

With life expectancy on the rise throughout the world, most women will experience menopause. Therefore, they should have information about the adverse effects of menopause and how to prevent them. In Western countries, women often have good information about the effects of menopause. Cardiovascular problem after menopause.6 Women in the eastern communes who lost menopause as a natural process and responded positively showed that 91.7% of Chinese women in Taiwan observed menopause as a natural process and most of these women are able to cope with menopause in a positive way. Another cross-sectional study based on the population of South India also showed similar results: 57% of women who had menopause felt comfortable. Among Western studies, a study of 53 Canadian women aged 45–75 years showed similar results that most women handled menopause positively and most considered it a natural aging process.6

Knowledge is the ability to achieve, retain, and use information: a combination of understanding, experience, differentiation, and skills.7 The nature of knowledge depends on different modes of acquisition: perception, imagination, memory, judgment, summary, and reasoning.7

So far, no studies have been reported in Quetta to assess the knowledge of the menopausal syndrome. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge about the menopause syndrome. The evaluation of knowledge can be useful to develop information about the disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Design, Setting, and Population

A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among a general women population of Quetta, Pakistan. The study was conducted in different areas of Quetta, Pakistan. Women of Quetta, Pakistan were approached for participation in the study, of which 411 women living in different areas of the Quetta city completely filled the criteria. The study was conducted from January to September 2016. The data were collected between the period of 4 months (i.e., April–July 2016).

Study Tool

A structured questionnaire was used as a research instrument. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended questions. The questionnaire is designed to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding the postmenopausal syndrome in women above 30 years. The primary version of the questionnaire was developed by previous studies. It consisted of 23 closed-ended questions with the option of YES, NO, and DON’T KNOW. It has three sections, of which the first section designed, according to the women population of the Quetta city, was about demographic characteristics. The second section assessed the knowledge of the postmenopausal syndrome and the third section assessed the source of knowledge about the postmenopausal syndrome.

Data Collection

The primary source of data was face-to-face questioning. Most of the data were collected by a researcher who went to different areas of the Quetta city in a specified period of time. Some questionnaires were distributed along with a consent form, among women aged above 30 years in different areas of the Quetta city. The questionnaires were collected after 1 day by the researcher. The questionnaires were filled by the researcher itself for those women having no education.

Data Analysis

The data collected were verified and analyzed statistically using the IBM statistical software package (SPSS) for social science software, version 20. Descriptive statistics were used to demonstrate the characteristics of the study population. Categorical data are measured by frequency and percentage in which the variables are continuously expressed as a mean ± standard deviation. Inferential statistics (Kruskal–Wallis tests, p %3C; 0.05) were used to assess the significance of study variables.

Multiple responses were applied for evaluating which of the source of information was highly used for attaining knowledge.

Ethical Considerations

The study was conducted under the guidance of the Pakistan National Bioethics Law and further research has been approved by a faculty of pharmacy of the University of Balochistan. According to the standard, a written agreement form was obtained from the research participants before data collection. Women are assured of the confidentiality of their answers and their right to leave the study at any time.

RESULTS

Demographic Characteristics

The demographic characteristics of respondents are displayed in Table 1. The mean age of the participants was 38.06 ± 6.194 years. The largest group of women (194 (47.2%)) fell within the age group of 31–35 years and the least number of respondents (4 (1.0%)) were in the age group of 56–60 years. Most of the respondents were married (286 (69.6%)), single (115 (28.0%)), and widowed (10 (2.4%)). Most of the respondents were Baloch 231 (56.2%), Pathan 91 (22.1%), Punjabi 62 (15.1%), and others 16 (3.9%); a the least number of respondents were Sindhi 11 (2.7%). The qualification of most respondents was master’s 168 (40.9%), bachelor’s 104 (25.3%), and then participants with no education 62 (15.1%). The frequency and percentage of the respondents with matric and inter qualification were same (i.e., 31 (7.5%)). Totally, 12 (2.9%) respondents were with middle education and the least number of respondents were with primary education 3 (0.7%).

Responses of the Women towards the Postmenopausal Syndrome

Table 2 describes the responses of the respondent women towards the postmenopausal syndrome. Knowledge and awareness were assessed by questions focusing on etiology, sign and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, management, and its complications. Each question was scored as “yes,” “no,” or “don’t know”.

All respondents (411 (100%)) have heard about the postmenopausal syndrome. Most respondents (150 (36.5%)) know about menopause in the absence of a menstrual period for 12 months after the reproductive age. Most of the respondents (302 (73.5%)) were aware of the age of menopause. Most respondents (231 (56.2%)) had knowledge about premature menopause. Most women (332 (80.8%)) know that the postmenopausal syndrome varies from women to women. Majority of the respondents know the causes of the postmenopausal syndrome (PMS): a decrease in reproductive hormones—256 (62.3%), removal of ovaries by surgery or chemotherapy—194 (47.2%), and stress—275 (66.9%). Majority of the respondents were aware of most signs and symptoms of the postmenopausal syndrome. These sign and symptoms are mental and physical changes (328 (79.8%)), urinary disorder (213 (51.8%)), anxiety, depression, mood swings and nervousness (261 (63.5%)), weight gain (278 (67.6%)), and insomnia (188 (45.7%)). Most respondents did not know about some symptoms of the postmenopausal syndrome: dry skin 203 (49.4%), vaginal dryness, itching and vaginal discharge 210 (51.1%), hot flashes 177 (43.1%), and night sweats 174 (42. 3%). Most women (186 (45.3%)) know about the blood test used for the diagnosis of the postmenopausal syndrome. A large number of respondents (180 (43.8%)) did not know about the hormone replacement therapy used for the treatment of the postmenopausal syndrome. Most of the respondents (232 (56.4%)) had knowledge about the herbal and natural remedies used to remove the symptoms of the postmenopausal syndrome. Most of the respondents (178 (43.3%)) did not know about the antidepressants used to remove symptoms of the postmenopausal syndrome. Most women (212 (51.6%)) know about the management of menopause by a regular exercise and a healthy diet. A majority of the women (280 (68.1%)) were aware of the complications of menopause: osteoporosis and heart disease (Tables 3 and 4).

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of respondents
DescriptionFrequencyPercentage
Age group
  31–35 years19447.2
  36–40 years10726.0
  41–45 years  5713.9
  46–50 years  35  8.5
  51–55 years  14  3.4
  56–60 years    4  1.0
Marital status
  Married28669.6
  Single11528.0
  Widowed  10  2.4
Ethnicity
  Baloch23156.2
  Punjabi  6215.1
  Pathan  9122.1
  Sindhi  11  2.7
  Others  16  3.9
Qualification
  Primary    3  0.7
  Middle  12  2.9
  Matric  31  7.5
  Inter  31  7.5
  Bachelors10425.3
  Masters16840.9
  None  6215.1

Assessment of Knowledge Regarding the Postmenopausal Syndrome

Scoring was done on the extracted data. Every answer was recorded as “yes,” “no,” or do not know”. Each accurate reply carried one mark; a wrong answer or a “don’t know” response carried 0 marks. A total of 23 questions were included in the questionnaire. This made a 0–23 range of score. A cutoff level is created on 13. A cutoff level of <13 was measured as poor knowledge, while %3E;12 was regarded as adequate knowledge. Mean of the total knowledge score was 12.77 ± 3.910. Of the 411 women, 218 (53.0%) have adequate knowledge and 193 (47.0%) have poor knowledge.

Table 2: Responses of the women toward the postmenopausal syndrome
QuestionsYesNoDo not know
Have you heard about the postmenopausal syndrome (PMS)?411 (100%)  0  0
Does menopause means the absence of menstrual period for 12 months after the reproductive age?150 (36.5%)138 (33.6%)123 (29.9%)
Does menopause typically occur between 45 years and 65 years of age?302 (73.5%)  45 (10.9%)  64 (15.6%)
Is it true that in some women, it may occur at an earlier age (less than 40 years)?231 (56.2%)100 (24.3%)  80 (19.5%)
Does decrease in reproductive hormones cause the postmenopausal syndrome?256 (62.3%)  41 (10.0%)114 (27.7%)
Can the removal of both ovaries by surgery or chemotherapy cause the postmenopausal syndrome?194 (47.2%)  63 (15.3%)154 (37.5)
Can stress cause the postmenopausal syndrome?275 (66.9%)  51 (12.4%)  85 (20.7%)
Does the postmenopausal syndrome vary from women to women?332 (80.8%)  42 (10.2%)  37 (9.0%)
Does the postmenopausal syndrome lead to mental and physical changes?328 (79.8%)  47 (11.4%)  36 (8.8%)
Do most women suffer from urinary disorder during the postmenopausal syndrome?213 (51.8%)  50 (12.2%)148 (36.0%)
Are anxiety, depression, mood swings, and nervousness are signs of the postmenopausal syndrome?261 (63.5%)  45 (10.9%)105 (25.5%)
Does postmenopausal syndrome lead to a weight gain?278 (67.6%)  61 (14.8%)  72 (17.5%)
Is dry skin a symptom of postmenopausal syndrome?144 (35.0%)  64 (15.6%)203 (49.4%)
Are vaginal dryness, itching, and vaginal discharge the symptoms of the postmenopausal syndrome?149 (36.3%)  52 (12.7%)210 (51.1%)
Is insomnia a symptom of the postmenopausal syndrome?188 (45.7%)  80 (19.5%)143 (34.8%)
Are hot flashes a symptom of the postmenopausal syndrome?158 (38.4%)  76 (18.5%)177 (43.1%)
Do night sweats occur in the postmenopausal syndrome?155 (37.7%)  82 (20.0%)174 (42.3%)
Does the postmenopausal syndrome is diagnosed by a blood test to check the levels of hormones?186 (45.3%)  50 (12.2%)175 (42.6%)
Is the hormone replacement therapy used for the treatment of the postmenopausal syndrome?160 (38.9%)  71 (17.3%)180 (43.8%)
Can herbal and natural remedies be used to remove the symptoms of the postmenopausal syndrome?232 (56.4%)  75 (18.2%)104 (25.3%)
Can a low-dose antidepressant decrease menopausal hot flashes?163 (39.7%)  70 (17.0%)178 (43.3%)
Do healthy diet and regular exercise minimize the symptoms of menopause?212 (51.6%)  71 (17.3%)128 (31.1%)
Is it true that postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of osteoporosis and heart disease?280 (68.1%)  33 (8.0%)  98 (23.8%)
Table 3: Overall knowledge of respondents
KnowledgeFrequencyPercentage
Poor knowledge19347.0
Adequate knowledge21853.0

Poor knowledge source <13

Adequate knowledge ≥13

Table 4: Source of knowledge
SourceFrequencyPercentage
Internet14435.0
Healthcare professionals  6716.3
Newspaper/magazine10625.8
Family14034.1
Friends13633.1
Relatives13432.6
Others  4410.7

Source of Information

Most of the participants mentioned from where (the origin) they learned about the postmenopausal syndrome, and most of the respondents mentioned more than one source. The internet is the most popular information source (144 (35.0%)) followed by family (140 (34.1%)), friends (136 (33.1%)), and relatives (134 (32. 6%)). The source of knowledge from newspaper/magazine was 106 (25.8%) and that from healthcare professionals was 67 (16.3%); others mentioned by the participants were 44 (10.7%).

Assessment of Demographics with Knowledge Score

Mean score is shown in Table 5. A comparison of the mean score with demographics among women population showed that there is no statistically significant difference found among age (p = 0.115), marital status (p = 0.199), ethnicity (p = 0.370), and qualification (p = 0.654).

DISCUSSION

Menopause is considered as a natural process that all women have to undergo at a certain point in their lives. With the increase in the elderly population having menopause symptoms and its long-term consequences, the need for solving this problem has gained the attention of the medical fields. Different studies showed that knowledge and attitudes regarding menopause are different across regions and countries according to their social and cultural factors.8

The overall knowledge of the present study was good. The same results were seen in a study conducted in Abu Dhabi and Sharjah. Several other studies had also shown that awareness and knowledge about menopause and HRT are good among women with higher education. Knowledge is also good among workers with professional occupations. These women will more probably go to a physician for menopause symptoms, as their jobs need them to be alert and active all the time, without the limitations of the menopause symptoms.8

Table 5: Comparison of the mean score with demographics
CharacterFrequencyMeanSDp value
Age groups (years)
  31–35 years19412.353.7670.115
  36–40 years10713.314.299
  41–45 years  5712.674.063
  46–50 years  3512.572.758
  51–55 years  1414.933.931
  56–60 years    414.253.862
Marital status
  Married28612.953.8050.199
  Unmarried11512.274.260
  Widowed  1013.301.889
Ethnicity
  Baloch23112.533.7240.370
  Punjabi  6213.404.310
  Pathan  9113.083.928
  Sindhi  1113.183.371
  Others  1611.695.003
Qualification
  Primary    315.334.1630.654
  Middle  1211.674.942
  Matric  3112.583.956
  Inter  3113.844.140
  Bachelors10412.453.566
  Masters16812.653.777
  Others  6213.264.417

The same study was conducted and the results were the same. The reason behind good knowledge was their high level of education and most respondents used the internet as the primary source of knowledge (where the information is updated every day) and have also gained information from family, friends, and relatives; nowadays, most women visit doctors or physicians for a regular checkup, who guide them about their health, and they were in touch with newspaper and magazines, which help them to be armed with the knowledge as to how to manage the symptoms of menopause.

Several other studies show that knowledge about menopause and HRT and attitudes towards HRT are significantly affected by the econimc class of women. A study conducted in the city of Al-Ain, UAE showed similar results. The participants in the study have poor information about menopause (67%) and HRT (73%). The deprived awareness of the members was due to a low level of education. In this study, this may be due to the fact that problems related to sexual and reproductive health are not officially taught nor were they spoken by doctors.9 This study showed that doctors, regardless of patient contact, did not discuss menopausal issues with 87% of participants. Women collected information primarily from family, friends, the media, and through their experience. The majority of women (76%) who lose menopause are the natural stages of a woman’s life. This result is similar to the results obtained in Bahrain and Italy in 2009, indicating a lack of knowledge about menopause related to low levels of education. In addition, our study found that “heat” was the most common symptom (in 63% of women with n = 80). A previous study in the UAE found that 45% of the population reported “hot flashes”.9

In the study discussed above, the respondents show a positive response regarding the postmenopausal syndrome. Although the overall knowledge of the respondents was good, there are some things that need to be explained to the women that are they were unaware of: some symptoms of the postmenopausal syndrome. These symptoms are dry skin (203 (49.9%)), vaginal itching, vaginal discharge (210 (51.1%)), hot flashes (177 (43.1%)), and night sweats (174 (42.3%)). Majority of the respondents 180 (43.8%) had no knowledge about hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and most of them did not know about SSRIs (low dose antidepressants). To increase awareness about the postmenopausal syndrome among women, different teaching programs and seminars should be arranged that help them to manage the symptoms and improve their quality of life (QoL). A study was conducted in Korean middle-aged women, which showed that age can affect the knowledge level of women regarding menopause. The differences are found in the knowledge about menopause by age, level of education, occupation, and spouse.10 The knowledge and attitude of menopause in general women with education and young women have more knowledge about menopause. The average knowledge about menopause was 9.0 of a perfect score of 17.0, indicating a significant difference in educational achievement.10

Women with little knowledge of menopause should be encouraged to participate in health management activities to have better knowledge and care. On knowledge about menopause by level of education, women with lower education tend to be more interested in menopause. These findings show results similar to those of the previous studies. Therefore, knowledge about menopause is very important to improve the management of menopause.10 The results show that a broader database is needed to develop education programs appropriate for menopause in order to increase the level of knowledge about menopause in middle-aged women. Uneducated women with a good knowledge of menopause and postmenopausal women were also positively associated with the premenopausal women in this study.10 In this study, the knowledge of respondents (218 (53.0%)) was good regarding the postmenopausal syndrome, but still there are some points that need to be explained about the postmenopausal symptoms and management. Majority of the respondents in this study were married (286 (69.6%)) and were with a high level of education (168 (40.9%)), which indicates a positive response towards the postmenopausal syndrome. The reason behind good knowledge must be that they have gained information from the internet, books, newspaper/magazine, and from other sources such as seminars. Some respondents were with a poor knowledge regarding the postmenopausal syndrome. According to a study conducted in the State University of New York College at Cortland, most of the women were satisfied at some level about the knowledge they have gained regarding menopause.11 This result is the same with that obtained in the study by Utian and Schiff (1994).12 The results have proved the third hypothesis as correct, which was that the women are satisfied with the overall knowledge or information they have about menopause.13 The same results were seen in this study regarding the postmenopausal syndrome. Most women knew about the postmenopausal syndrome and causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment related to it. Most of the women had a master’s degree and used the internet and newspaper and other sources to gain information regarding the postmenopausal syndrome. Statistical significance was more than p > 0.05 and was independent of the demographics (i.e., age, marital status, ethnicity, and qualification), which means the knowledge has no effect on age, marital status, ethnicity, and qualification.

CONCLUSION

The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge in women regarding the postmenopausal syndrome, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. This study found that knowledge among women regarding the postmenopausal syndrome is important for improving the QoL in women and for managing the symptoms of the postmenopausal syndrome. The study respondents showed an adequate level of knowledge about the postmenopausal syndrome; however, there were areas of knowledge that need improvement by health education. Healthcare professionals should provide all the necessary information to women about the post-menopausal syndrome. The ratio of poor knowledge can be improved by raising awareness and increasing the educational level of women.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Education should be given to women at different levels. Seminars and other educational programs need to be conducted for the promotion of information regarding the postmenopausal syndrome. Knowledge and awareness campaigns need to increase the awareness of postmenopausal syndrome. Public healthcare systems should organize resources and take measures to improve women’s awareness and knowledge about menopause-related changes. A recommendation for physicians would be to provide more information about menopausal symptoms and also therapies to alleviate these symptoms.

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